The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH > 7 indicates a basic solution.

This is the definition of water of crystallisation.

This is the definition of a neutralisation reaction.

Non-metallic oxides behave as acidic oxides since they react with bases to produce salt and water (e.g., CO₂ + Ca(OH)₂).

The salt formed from a strong acid and strong base is neutral.

Because the process is exothermic, acid must always be added slowly to water, and never water to the concentrated acid.

Baking Soda (NaHCO₃) decomposes when heated to yield Sodium Carbonate (Na₂CO₃), CO₂, and H₂O.

Bases that are soluble in water are specifically called alkalis.

HCl gas ionises in water to form hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) and Cl⁻ ions.

Sodium Hydroxide is prepared through the Chlor-Alkali process.

Dilution reduces the concentration of H⁺ or OH⁻ ions per unit volume.

Salts having the same positive or negative radicals (e.g., NaCl and Na₂SO₄ share Na⁺) are considered to belong to the same family.

Plaster of Paris (POP) is used for setting fractured bones.

Tooth decay starts when the mouth’s pH is less than 5.5, which damages tooth enamel.

Acids react with metals to form a salt and hydrogen gas (H₂).

Acids and bases ionise only in aqueous solution; dry HCl gas requires water to produce the H⁺ ions necessary for acidity.

Weak acid + strong base yields a basic salt.

CO₂ gas is tested using lime water.

Bleaching Powder (Ca(ClO)₂) is prepared by reacting Cl₂ with slaked lime (Ca(OH)₂).

Washing Soda is Na₂CO₃·10H₂O.

The digestive system uses HCl; antacids are used to neutralize excess acid.

Weak acids, such as CH₃COOH, produce fewer H⁺ ions compared to strong acids like HCl or H₂SO₄.

Metallic oxides react with acids to form salt and water, indicating they behave as basic oxides.

The presence of hydrogen gas evolved from the reaction of acids with metals is confirmed through the soap bubble test.

Plaster of Paris is derived by heating gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O).

Uses listed include bleaching textiles/paper, acting as an oxidizing agent, and disinfecting water.

Acid rain is defined by a pH value less than 5.6, which affects aquatic life.

Olfactory indicators are those substances whose smell changes in acidic or basic media. The sources list onion, vanilla, and clove as olfactory indicators.

Metal carbonates and hydrogencarbonates react with acids to yield salt, CO₂, and water.

The methanoic acid from stings can be neutralized by applying mild bases like baking soda.