Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images, a concept related to Molecular asymmetry and Chirality.

The nature of the C–X bond is characterized by polarity, bond length, bond enthalpies, and dipole moments.

Classification on the basis of the number of halogen atoms includes monohalogen compounds, dihalogen compounds, and polyhalogen (tri-, tetra-, etc.) compounds.

The stereochemical aspects mentioned include Optical activity, Molecular asymmetry, Chirality, and Enantiomers.

Haloalkanes are prepared from alkanes by free radical halogenation.

Optical activity is one of the stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions. A compound must be chiral (possessing molecular asymmetry) to show optical activity.

The Finkelstein reaction is a Halogen Exchange reaction used for preparing alkyl iodides.

The sources specifically mention ambident nucleophiles, giving examples like cyanides and nitrites.

The addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes follows Markovnikov’s rule.

Melting and boiling points are physical properties mentioned. Haloalkanes have higher boiling points due to increased molecular mass and polarity, leading to stronger intermolecular forces (dipole-dipole and van der Waals forces).

Haloalkanes can be prepared from alcohols. Common reagents include hydrogen halides, thionyl chloride, or phosphorus halides.

The addition of halogens (X2) to alkenes is a method for the synthesis of vic-dibromides (vicinal dihalides).

Compounds containing the C(sp2)–X bond where X is attached to an aromatic ring are classified as aryl halides.

Haloarenes are prepared from hydrocarbons by electrophilic substitution.

The C–X bond is polar because the halogen atom (X) is more electronegative than the carbon atom (C). This characteristic is discussed under the nature of the C–X bond.

Benzylic halides are compounds containing an sp3 C–X bond where the halogen atom is attached to the carbon adjacent to the aromatic ring.

Allylic halides are compounds containing an sp3 C–X bond where the halogen atom is attached to an allylic carbon, which is the carbon adjacent to a C=C double bond.

The Swarts reaction is a Halogen Exchange method used for the preparation of alkyl fluorides.

SN1 stands for Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular.

Dihaloalkanes are classified as geminal dihalides (when both halogens are on the same carbon) or vicinal dihalides (when halogens are on adjacent carbons).

Haloalkanes undergo Reaction with metals. (This typically leads to the formation of organometallic compounds like Grignard reagents.)

Tertiary (3°) alkyl halides are defined under the classification of compounds containing sp3 C–X bonds. A tertiary alkyl halide is one where the carbon atom bearing the halogen is bonded to three other carbon atoms.

The physical properties section includes bond length. Generally, as the size of the halogen increases down the group, the C–X bond length also increases.

Vinylic halides are defined as compounds containing the C(sp2)–X bond where the halogen atom is attached directly to a carbon–carbon double bond.

Haloalkanes undergo Elimination reactions, listed as a separate category of chemical reactions.

Haloarenes can be prepared from amines by the Sandmeyer’s reaction.

The unit structure begins with classification on the basis of the number of halogen atoms.

SN2 stands for Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular.

Solubility is listed under physical properties. Although polar, haloalkanes are slightly soluble in water because they cannot form strong enough hydrogen bonds with water molecules to overcome the existing H-bonds in water and the forces holding the haloalkane molecules together.

The reactions of haloalkanes are predominantly nucleophilic substitution reactions.