12 Chemistry – Solutions
1 / 30
Which concentration unit is independent of temperature?
This is wrong answer.
Yes. You are Correct.
Molality involves the mass of the solvent, which does not change with temperature. Molarity, Volume percentage, and Mass by volume percentage all involve volume, which changes with temperature.
2 / 30
The number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of the solution is defined as what?
This is the standard definition of Molarity (moles of solute per litre of solution).
3 / 30
What unit is generally used to express the concentration of pollutants or trace chemicals in water?
Extremely dilute concentrations are typically expressed in Parts per million (ppm).
4 / 30
What is the sum of the mole fractions of all components in a binary solution?
The sum of the mole fractions of all components in any solution must equal unity (1).
5 / 30
Which expression defines Mass percentage (w/w)?
Mass percentage (w/w) is calculated by dividing the mass of the component by the total mass of the solution and multiplying by 100.
6 / 30
A 10% (w/V) solution implies 10 grams of solute are present in what volume of solution?
Mass by volume percentage (w/V) refers to the mass of solute in grams dissolved in 100 mL of solution.
7 / 30
Which type of solution is formed when alcohol is dissolved in water?
Since both alcohol and water are liquids, their combination forms a Liquid-Liquid type of solution.
8 / 30
According to Henry’s Law, the partial pressure of a gas in the vapour phase is proportional to which quantity in the solution?
Henry’s Law states that p is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution (x).
9 / 30
For the solubility of a gas in a liquid, what is the effect of increasing temperature?
Dissolution of gases in liquids is typically exothermic, so increasing the temperature decreases the solubility (Le Chatelier’s principle).
10 / 30
Increasing the pressure above the liquid significantly increases the solubility of which state of matter in the liquid?
Pressure has a significant effect only on the solubility of gases in liquids.
11 / 30
If the dissolution of a solid in a liquid is an endothermic process, how does temperature affect its solubility?
If the process is endothermic, increasing the temperature favors the dissolution process, meaning solubility increases.
12 / 30
Soda water bottle seals are maintained at high pressure to maximize CO2 dissolution, illustrating the application of which law?
This application relates gas solubility directly to external pressure, which is governed by Henry’s Law.
13 / 30
Raoult’s Law for a liquid-liquid solution states that the partial vapour pressure of each component is directly proportional to its:
Raoult’s Law states that is the mole fraction of the component in the solution.
14 / 30
When a non-volatile solute is added to a liquid solvent, what happens to the resulting solution’s vapour pressure?
The presence of a non-volatile solute always leads to a Lowering of Vapour Pressure of the solution.
15 / 30
Raoult’s Law can be considered a special case of which other gas solubility law?
Raoult’s Law is specifically noted as a special case of Henry’s Law.
16 / 30
A solution that obeys Raoult’s Law over the entire range of concentration and temperature is defined as:
Solutions that perfectly follow Raoult’s Law are defined as Ideal Solutions.
17 / 30
Which property is characteristic of a solution showing positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
Positive deviation occurs when intermolecular forces are weaker (A-B weaker than A-A/B-B), causing easier escape and a higher vapour pressure than predicted.
18 / 30
What defines an Azeotrope?
Azeotropes are binary mixtures that boil at a constant temperature and have the same composition in the liquid and vapour phases.
19 / 30
Which property is classified as a Colligative Property?
Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure is one of the four colligative properties listed.
20 / 30
Colligative properties depend primarily on:
Colligative properties depend only on the number of solute particles, regardless of their chemical nature.
21 / 30
The boiling point of a solution containing a non-volatile solute is always ______ the boiling point of the pure solvent.
The colligative property Elevation of Boiling Point means the solution’s boiling point is higher than the pure solvent’s.
22 / 30
The cryoscopic constant (Kf) is associated with which colligative property calculation?
Kf is the molal depression constant, used to determine the Depression of Freezing Point.
23 / 30
Osmosis is the net flow of which component across a semipermeable membrane?
Osmosis is defined as the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules.
24 / 30
The pressure required to stop the net flow of solvent into the solution across a semipermeable membrane is known as:
This is the precise definition of Osmotic Pressure.
25 / 30
Which equation correctly relates osmotic pressure , concentration (C), temperature (T), and the gas constant (R)?
The relationship for osmotic pressure is pi = CRT (Van’t Hoff equation).
26 / 30
If external pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied to a solution, forcing the solvent to flow out, this process is called:
Applying pressure to reverse the natural flow of osmosis is known as Reverse Osmosis, used for water purification.
27 / 30
Desalination of seawater typically uses a process based on applying external pressure exceeding the osmotic pressure. What is this process?
Reverse Osmosis is used for water purification and desalination by forcing pure water out of the solution.
28 / 30
What is the main purpose of introducing the Van’t Hoff factor ?
The Van’t Hoff factor corrects colligative properties when solutes undergo association or dissociation, leading to Abnormal Molar Masses.
The ideal Van’t Hoff factor equals the number of particles formed after dissociation. If it forms four ions, i = 4
29 / 30
If a solute dissociates completely into four ions (e.g., AlCl3), what would be the ideal Van’t Hoff factor ?
30 / 30
For a dilute solution of a non-electrolyte like urea or glucose, what is the theoretical value of the Van’t Hoff factor ?
Non-electrolytes do not dissociate or associate, meaning the factor i equals 1.
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