When electric current flows through a conductor, it faces some opposition or resistance to its flow, causing some of the electrical energy to be converted into heat energy.

Safety devices are placed in household circuits to minimize incidents caused by overheating in appliances, which can lead to damage to plugs/sockets or even fires.

The magnetic effect of electric current has many practical applications, such as in devices like electromagnets, electric bells, motors, fans, loudspeakers, and more.

Deep inside the Earth, the movement of liquid iron in the core creates electric currents, which in turn generate a magnetic field.

The poles of an electromagnet can be reversed by changing the direction of the current flowing through the coil.

The plates, called electrodes, are partly dipped in the liquid called an electrolyte, which is usually a weak acid or salt solution.

The heat generated depends on the magnitude of the electric current (which increases when using more cells/batteries).

Household appliances like electric room heaters, stoves, irons, immersion rods, water heaters, kettles, and hair dryers work on the principle of the heating effect of electric current.

When electric current flows through a conductor (like a wire), it produces a magnetic field around it. This is known as the magnetic effect of electric current.

Many household appliances contain a rod or a coil of wire, called a heating element.

A Voltaic cell is a device that generates electric current due to chemical reactions taking place inside it, consisting of two metal plates (electrodes) and an electrolyte.

The dry cell consists of a zinc container which acts as a negative terminal.

When making a lemon cell using copper wires/strips and iron nails, the lemon juice acts as the electrolyte, helping to conduct electricity.

For practical applications, most electromagnets have an iron core to make them stronger.

The deflection indicates that the current-carrying wire has a magnetic effect on the compass needle, meaning a magnetic field is present around the wire.

Dry cells are called ‘dry’ because the electrolyte is not a liquid but a thick moist paste.

The strength of an electromagnet can be changed by changing the amount of electric current flowing through the coil or the number of turns of the coil, or both.

A nichrome wire, for example, offers higher resistance compared to a copper wire of the same size and length, leading to significant heat generation.

Generation of heat in conductors due to flow of electric current is known as the heating effect of electric current.

The dry cell is a single use cell, meaning once it is used up, it has to be disposed of, unlike rechargeable batteries.

The Voltaic or Galvanic cells get their names from two Italian scientists, Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani.

Lifting electromagnets are used in factories and scrap yards to move, lift, and sort heavy iron/steel objects. The magnet is controlled by switching the current ON and OFF.

Hans Christian Oersted (1777–1851), a professor in Denmark, observed and published his findings that an electric current indeed produced a magnetic field.

When the current stops flowing, the magnetic effect disappears, and the compass needle returns to its original direction.

A current carrying coil that behaves as a magnet is called an electromagnet.