It concerns the relative contributions of genes and environment to personality.

Personal identity comprises unique traits, abilities and personal attributes.

Neuroticism–stability is one of Eysenck’s biological dimensions.

Repression involves keeping threatening impulses out of conscious awareness.

Independent self is common in individualistic cultures emphasizing autonomy.

Sattva, rajas and tamas are guna-based qualities describing temperament and personality.

Interdependent self focuses on relationships and social roles.

Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations.

Openness to experience is one of the Big Five factors.

Social identity comes from group memberships and roles.

The id operates on the pleasure principle seeking immediate gratification.

Self-regulation is the process of controlling thoughts, emotions, and behaviours.

Jung proposed the collective unconscious containing archetypes.

Self-monitoring is adjusting one’s behaviour according to situational cues.

Reciprocal determinism is the mutual influence of behaviour, environment and personal factors.

Behavioural assessment uses observation to record real-life behaviour.

Interactionism holds that both personal traits and situational factors shape behaviour.

Central traits are general characteristic dispositions forming personality.

Self-concept is the set of beliefs a person holds about themselves.

Personality inventories are standardized questionnaires assessing traits.

Astrology is not a scientific approach used in psychology.

Cattell’s source traits underlie surface traits.

Self refers to awareness and knowledge of one’s own identity.

Sheldon proposed endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph body types linked to temperament.

Personality is the enduring pattern of traits and behaviours that characterize an individual.

Skinner emphasized operant conditioning—behaviour shaped by reinforcement.

Self-actualization is at the top of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Collectivistic cultures prioritize group harmony and interdependence.

Rorschach is a projective test using ambiguous inkblots for interpretation.

It helps understand individual differences in behaviour and adjustment.

Adler highlighted inferiority feelings and striving for superiority.

Rogers described the fully functioning person as someone progressing toward self-actualization.

Jung described introversion and extraversion as basic attitudes.

Self-esteem is the overall evaluation of one’s worth.

Observational learning involves modeling behaviour by observing others.